{"id":357,"count":1,"description":"EV charger: electric charging systems for homes, apartment buildings, and parking lots<\/strong>\nAn EV Charger (Electric Vehicle Charger)<\/strong> is a charging device for electric vehicles for domestic or private use. It allows users to charge their electric vehicles with a fixed power while energy comes as much as possible from photovoltaics; any missing energy is then drawn from the grid. \nEV Charger: how charging works <\/strong>\nEV Chargers are the foundation of electric mobility or e-Mobility<\/a><\/strong>, which is the practice of using eco-friendly forms of transportation powered by electricity instead of gasoline.\n\nEvery aspect of EV Charger systems is regulated by a specific reference standard, IEC 61851-1<\/strong>.\n\nIt defines 4 EV Charger charging modes<\/strong>, which are 4 standards universally identified as Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3, and Mode 4. The standard also establishes the different types of charging sockets. \n\n \tMode 1 EV Charging:<\/strong> used for slow AC charging, typically for vehicles such as bicycles, electric scooters, and microcars. Mode 1 charging is not suitable for cars and, in Italy, is permitted exclusively in private settings. In Mode 1 charging systems, the charger is on board the vehicle. \n \tMode 2 EV Charging:<\/strong> dedicated exclusively to slow charging in private contexts. It occurs in AC via connection to a domestic or industrial power outlet. As with Mode 1, the charger for Mode 2 is also on board the vehicle. Unlike Mode 1, where charging occurs via a simple electrical cable, Mode 2 requires a dedicated cable equipped with a protection and control device. \n \tMode 3 EV Charging:<\/strong> in Italy, this is the only mode permitted for charging electric vehicles in public areas using alternating current. It is the charging mode used by permanent charging systems, such as domestic Wallboxes and public charging stations. Mode 3 is suitable for both slow and fast charging. The charging station is able to continuously calculate the maximum current availability based on the grid and the connection cable, and transmit this data to the vehicle, which adapts accordingly. The vehicle communicates its status to the charging station through a voltage signal. \n \tMode 4 EV Charging:<\/strong> corresponds to the FAST DC charging system, in direct current, with power levels between 20 and 50 kW. Mode 4 allows for a full charge of an electric vehicle within a few minutes. In Mode 4, the charger is external to the vehicle and is an integral part of the charging station. Since Mode 4 charging occurs in direct current, an external current converter is required to connect the vehicle, which is why these stations are generally bulkier. \n\nEV Charger: types of charging stations<\/strong>\nThere are different types of EV Chargers. They are distinguished by: \n\n \tIntended use<\/strong>: charging stations for domestic and public use. The main difference between public and domestic charging stations is essentially the maximum power available in the facility hosting the charging point<\/strong>. Another difference is the device design<\/strong>: domestic devices are generally smaller, and therefore have more modest features compared to devices used in public settings. To charge an electric car at home, it is sufficient to install an AC charging station<\/strong>, typically represented by a Wallbox. Having an electric vehicle charging station at home is a major advantage, as it allows you to charge your car while it is parked in the garage. Public charging stations, on the other hand, are those found in public parking lots, streets, airports, train stations, or near supermarkets, shops, or other commercial activities. Public charging stations tend to have higher AC power levels and can also be DC powered<\/strong>, which ensures charging with even higher power and speed; \n\n\n \tCurrent type<\/strong>: a distinction must be made between AC and DC charging<\/strong>, meaning alternating current and direct current charging. Batteries operate on DC, but the power supplied by the national grid is AC. A converter is necessary to transform alternating current into direct current to transfer it to the vehicle's batteries. In AC charging, the grid powers the charger integrated into the vehicle, which converts the alternating current to direct current. The space available in the vehicle is limited, as is its capacity to supply energy to the battery. For this reason, AC charging is slow charging<\/strong>. In DC charging, the current is converted from AC to DC within the charging station and directly powers the vehicle's battery. There are no size constraints, so the charger can be more powerful and offer faster charging times; \n\n\n \tPower level<\/strong>: slow charging, accelerated charging, fast charging, and ultra-fast charging. Regarding the type of charging, EV Chargers are divided into two power classes<\/strong>, standard and high, depending on whether the power available for the charging process is below or above 22 kW. \n\nStandard charging points<\/strong>, in turn, are divided into slow charging<\/strong> if the power is less than 7 kW and accelerated charging<\/strong> if the power is greater than 7 kW (but still less than 22 kW). High-power charging points are divided into fast classes<\/strong>, with power levels between 22 kW and 50 kW, and ultra-fast classes<\/strong> with power levels exceeding 50 kW. High-power stations (above 22 kW) use a direct current charging system with voltages between 200V and 400V, while standard power stations can use both alternating and direct current. \nEV Charger Wallbox: how many kW are needed <\/strong>\nA domestic EV Charger<\/strong> is generally called a Wallbox<\/strong> because it is fixed to a wall<\/strong> for installation. A single-phase domestic system operates at a voltage of 230 Volts<\/strong>; the choice for 3.7 kW and 7.4 kW Wallboxes is almost natural, especially for the former, as many domestic contracts are limited to 3 kW. In this case, one can take advantage of the free increase to 6 kW during nighttime hours and holidays. Alternatively, you can switch to a three-phase system with 400 Volt voltage to have power up to 22 kW. Following this scenario, the charging time for an electric car at home is similar to what would be obtained with AC charging in a public area. \n\nEV Chargers <\/strong>(stations) in public areas generally operate with 400 Volt<\/strong> voltage (faster ones even at 800 Volts) and with maximum power levels from 22 kW upwards. AC stations with Type 2 sockets generally operate at up to 22 kW, but power levels of 43 kW can also be reached when the cable is connected to the charging infrastructure. 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